However, at present, most operating systems offer vi support through its. 2. Compile software from source code. The vi editor is available on every Linux distribution in the world. Combining Sed and Other Commands. JS VI Text Editor. And a list of downloaded images will populate on the right. A Linux distribution for building a High-Performance Computing computer cluster, with a recent release supporting Cloud computing. Linux and Unix are different but they do have a relationship with each other as Linux is derived from Unix. I made a uniform icon set of Linux distribution logos (download link in comments) I originally wanted to make a couple of icons I could use in the rEFInd bootloader but it quickly became a project to include all major. There are new releases every 1-2 years each of which are named after a different god. The command mode is used to type commands to navigate the document, the insert mode is used to enter new text into the document, and the ex mode is used for file operations such as saving and quitting. Gentoo Ten LiveDVD 10. My opinion about Caldera Standard is that it is the best choice for a site that has existing Netware servers or clients. Terminal: is an application that is used to access the Linux shell. DragonOS, a Debian-based Linux distribution specifically packaged for software-defined radio functionality, roared onto the wavelengths during the beginnings of the various. IF you are a macOS user and want to jump into the Linux world, this is a perfect distro. It is an implementation of the Vi standard with many additions. The first thing you'll need to learn about is the concept of modes. Vim is upward compatible with vi and has a graphical mode available (gvim) as well as the standard vi text mode interface. wget and cURL Compared . It can be either GUI or CLI (Command Line interface). As for the desktop environment, that looks like a tweaked version of Gnome 2 (note: old and surpassed version of Gnome, Gnome 3 replaced it completely). This command will only fail to exit vim if the current buffer/file does not have a file-name set. The first Linux distribution that I installed was openSUSE Tumbleweed (as always). Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for. It is a user-friendly and very powerful application that is available in all Linux distros. With very few exceptions belonging to the group of so-called “general purpose” Linux distributions, which perform equally well as server and desktop (for example, Debian), each Linux distribution primarily. o – open a new line below the current one. Iptables is a standard firewall included in most Linux distributions by default. To make your selection process easier, we have listed the top three Linux distros in these categories: Best Linux distributions for a VPS – Ubuntu Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), and Rocky Linux. Options include:--distribution: Specify the Linux distribution to install. So let’s start with Tables. Finally, run the following command to install cURL via Snap on your Linux system. Starting vi. Vim is a great option for doing this, or probably the best out there! Because Vim is pre-installed in almost every Linux distribution. In true New Riders' form, the vim reference will be a definitive, concise reference for the professional Linux user and developer. Gentoo: Gentoo Gentoo Linux is a versatile and fast, completely free Linux meta-distribution geared towards developers and network professionals. The pros of a Linux server OS are high security, a wide variety of distributions, integrated open-source software, including high-level language compilers, and the ability to control the system using a GUI. It does this by providing common tools, configurations, and automations which allows the user to focus on the task that needs to be completed, not the surrounding. Arch Linux. Supported operating systems include Android, Debian, Fedora, KDE neon, Kubuntu, Linux Mint, Manjaro and Ubuntu, ready in minutes. Ubuntu Server is a Debian-based distribution that aims to be a lightweight, user-friendly operating system. The resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. KDE Plasma has evolved and is more crisp and elegant as ever. It exclusively uses the keyboard and provides a very efficient interface for editing programs and. Text editor functions in two modes: 1) Command mode and 2) Insert mode. For that reason, Vi Improved is developed, or Vim. This guide highlights 11 Linux distributions and aims to shed light on who their targeted users are. Best source-code-based Linux distro for programming. but for every (linux) Library you want to use, you will have to download &. Ubuntu is user-friendly in a lot of ways. Now, the authors have systematically updated this classic guide to address today’s most important Linux distributions and most powerful new administrative tools. It has different SPINS but its main download uses the following: Bootloader - Systemd. The Linux Integration Services (LIS) drivers for Hyper-V and Azure are contributed directly to the upstream Linux kernel. There is a set of commands most if not all Linux distributions, and for that matter, also Unix distributions will provide. 4. Almost all Linux distributions, even older versions, come with the Vim editor installed. Get the latest snapshot from the openSUSE downloads, copy it to. When you run vi , you usually get either the tiny or small version of Vim running in vi. As a rock-solid Linux distribution, Debian Linux is so committed to free software (so it will always remain 100% free) but it also allows users to install and use non-free. Download: Ubuntu. All sorts of of developers, in every possible programming niche, use all sorts of different editors and IDEs. Vim. Crontab in Linux. The first version of Debian (0. Vi stands for Visual. U – Undo all changes to the entire line. If you're using a special shell to log their commands, you could change vi to use that shell. Linux® is an open source operating system (OS). Click "Restart now" when you're prompted to restart your computer. In our opinion, Linux Lite is one of the best options for accelerating regular desktop Linux tasks. CentOS, short for the Community Enterprise Operating System, is a free and open-source platform derived from the sources of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). A Linux distribution is composed of a Linux kernel, GNU libraries and tools, other software, a window system, documentation, a desktop environment, and a window manager. 4 Answers. Vi edit modes. Some of these commands switch between command and insert mode. It is available on every Linux and BSD distributions alongside the Windows operating system. 2. True or false: The following script launches three simultaneous instances of the terminal program. This review takes a deep dive into some of the Best Linux distros that can support KDE Plasma 5. Knoppix License: free software licenses. The result is the below visual representation of the Linux family of operating systems. 0) is codenamed "Horus". Automatic Tiling Manager. Documentation. This lets you exit vi without saving any of the changes. (You are in overtype mode until you press <Esc> cw Beginning with the character under the. PRIMARY - This is copy-on-select, and can be pasted with the middle mouse button. and more. Vi or Vim. 04 Jammy Jellyfish) and October (22. There's absolutely no "best" distro for programming. Software and applications are bundled into packages, and Linux distributions are categorized by these package types. A Linux distribution (sometimes abbreviated as “Linux distro”) is a collection of key and optional components that combine to form a complete operating system. 8. All packages are. Every Linux distribution includes at least one, and sometimes several, music players and video players. Most, if not all, Linux applications support the Debian APT architecture, and the majority of guides written for Linux include commands that operate with the Debian APT package manager. Linux distributions, which are based on the Linux kernel, are often easier for users to. Linux distributions take the Linux kernel and combine it with other free software to create complete packages. Ubuntu, for example, is based on Debian and, as a result, is not an independent Linux distro. Manjaro is available for download in 3 Desktop editions: GNOME, XFCE, and KDE Plasma. Linux lets users edit files using a text editor like nano, vi, or jed. The name vi is derived from the shortest unambiguous abbreviation for the command visual in ex; the command in question switches the line editor ex to visual mode. Kali Linux. Most Linux distributions now ship with the vim (for Vi IMproved) editor rather than classic vi. Some popular distributions of Linux include Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and SUSE Linux Enterprise. It’s the best distro for beginners who wants a mix of aesthetics and stability in Linux. The size of this portable Linux is dependent on the user, and this distro is modular. 1. If you are on a commercial unix you generally get ksh as the default shell (sometime plain just old sh). vi is a powerful and widely used text editor in the Linux ecosystem. The one editor found on nearly every UNIX and Linux system is the vi editor, originally written by Bill Joy. 3. 13. 1. A package manager deals with packages, distributions of software and data in archive. Usually the command vi launches vim, seems to be the case with Mint too. This distro is heavily inspired by macOS and its design principle. deny file. e. The cons are the lack of long-term support for some distributions and certain complex operations, such as system updates. The first rule to remember here is that there will be “the best Linux distro for me” ( Ubuntu 20. There's a number of different shells, and a command line using a particular feature of one shell may not work on another shell. The Vi editor has two modes: Command and Insert. Zorin. 15. News and feature lists of Linux and BSD distributions. exrc # chmod 644 /home/user/. My previous best Linux distro (and window manager) of 2021 was Manjaro i3. From the terminal window, issue the command: sudo dnf install samba samba-common samba. Linux is not Unix, but it is a Unix-like operating system. It is available in all Linux Distributions. Today, SUSE announced that it is creating a hard fork of Red Hat. Vulnerability index, a measure of the exposure of a population to some hazard. vi editor. We have also discussed many options in the above context. Use the setup program to perform a fresh install or to update an existing installation. The text editor highlights the first instance of the pattern after the cursor. Introduction Since the Vi editor has many commands and options, compiling configuration files has become a kind of art. For every Linux distribution the command line prompt will look a little different. In Linux, Sensor3. One after the other, Linux distributions are dropping 32-bit support. For example, you'd double-click a downloaded . Tools like top/htop make resource monitoring easier while you can use the Linux df command for monitoring the filesystem. Your own personal Linux computer in the cloud, available on any device. In this. Ubuntu is widely regarded as one of the best Linux distros for VMs. The elementaryOS is famous for its looks and design. vi) • Understand and distinguish the three. This seems plausible, as disregarding of whether I open vi or vim from my. This distro uses their Plasma desktop environment that is used by default in some other beautiful Linux distros. If the vi editor already exists on your system then the first command will open a blank VIM document on the terminal. Fedora Linux. Background : Background includes derivative relationships and origins. Explore different Linux distributions and find the one that fits your needs. Vi editor is a powerful and widely used text editor in UNIX and Linux operating system. 1 CentOS/Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 2. At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: • Identify Linux text editors (e. bashrc under user directory. 04 LTS 2021 u pdate: Manjaro i3 2023. I would even say that vi is not installed by default in almost any distribution these days. 10 Kinetic Kudu) every year. Debian was first developed in 1993 and is one of the most popular and widely used Linux distros today. Enable the "Windows Subsystem for Linux" option in the list, and then click the "OK" button. ” usually, installed program on the distribution is Vim, and Vi just links to it as an alias. It’s available on Mac; if you’ve ever gone into the terminal Window on a Mac, you’ll recognize that the guts of OSX are based on BSD, which is a Unix derivative and sure enough, you will find the VI text editor there. txt Vim (or at least vi) is installed by default on all Ubuntu (or any other Linux) flavor. It is the classic and most popular text editor in the Linux family that comes built-in in most Linux distributions. log. Many distributions that include a recent Linux kernel version (such as 3. No matter if you are a casual desktop user, a power user who needs to manage workstations, or maybe you want to experience a. conf refer to different files. 4 (2013 Aug 10, compiled Dec 15 2020 16:43:23) The output displays the current version of the vi editor, i. While there are numerous editors available for Linux that range from the tiny editor nano to massive emacs editor, there are several advantages to the vi editor: The vieditor is available on every Linux distribution in the world. For this, log in to your Linux distribution and open a terminal. ^U ("up") is similar: it scrolls up one page in the file. If you are only looking to run some Linux commands, you may want to try Cygwin. This distribution is very much similar to the Windows XP, it is the first choice of Windows XP immigrants. Most Linux systems have an alias for vi that executes the vim command, an improved version of the original. exe. emacs d. Linux users may use the term Linux-based operating systems. In the real world, no such engine exists, but accept it for the sake of this analogy. One of the most customizable desktops out there. Nitrux is an immutable Linux distribution, meaning no changes occur to the content of the root directory by default. Select Destinations under the category list on the left of the source distribution properties window. That still holds true today (although Linux Mint frequently steals that title away on Distrowatch. This means. Use the vi Editor: 1. 1. bashrc (recommended) file using a text editor: $ vi ~/. 2 Answers. This is not just about the ease of use, but Pop!_OS always works out of the box with the help Nvidia ISOs offered. Linux distribution is an operating system that is made up of a collection of software based on Linux kernel or you can say distribution contains the Linux kernel and supporting. Documentation is a big part of a sysadmin’s work. Is vi included in every Linux distribution? A package manager can update and upgrade the system and all of its installed applications to the latest versions. Launch in console mode by typing vim in a terminal window (or gvim for graphical mode). Run a container from the image and enter the BusyBox shell: docker run -it --rm busybox. Click on the "Install" button near the top. Links to popular distribution download pages. ; It finds all files older than 10 minutes and long lists them using the ls command. For other systems (MS-Windows, Macintosh, OS/2, etc. Refracta is a Linux distribution based on Devuan GNU+Linux (a systemd-free fork of Debian), designed primarily for home computer users and also for use as a system rescue and recovery disk. vi is installed by default on almost all Linux (and other Unix) systems for many decades. :~$ vim or vi # or :~$ vim --version or vi --version. For some reason Sun still defaults to the flakey csh c-shell. Checking /etc/vimrc In fact, it comes pre-installed; VI comes pre-installed on almost every Linux distribution. See full list on opensource. Those days are fading away, and now systemd is the shiny new init system for Linux. In the image below, you can see that the result is part of a word that contains the specified pattern. Mageia / Mandriva. Vi was designed in 1982. Originally developed by Linus Torvalds, the Linux kernel is the heart of a Linux distro. Many new features have been added: multi-level undo, syntax highlighting, command line history, on-line help, spell checking, filename completion, block operations, script language, etc. This command will display the results directly in your terminal. Sometimes you'll have to edit a text file on a system that doesn't include a friendlier text editor, so knowing Vi is essential. nano, vi, jed commands. It can be used to run applications on the server side and create a virtual machine (VM) that can run any Linux distribution. Top Con. Since it’s such an integral part. Given its roots in RHEL, CentOS mirrors the robustness. Vi is always available in every mode of Linux. Hybrid line numbers: A. Virtual instrument (disambiguation), a program that implements functions of an instrument by computer, sensors and actuators. Instead, it is built with the desktop users in mind every aspect of its user interface reflects the same. While nano comes built-in on most Linux distros, you will have to install Vim manually. Since Vi is quite difficult, most Linux distributions don't include real Vi; rather, they include Vim and symbolically link (or alias) the Vim to the name Vi. A storm is brewing in open-source land that could change the Linux distro landscape. But the differences begin here. It is installed in every Unix system. A package manager or package-management system is a collection of software tools that automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing computer programs for a computer in a consistent manner. For example, to find the string “meta,” type /meta followed by Return. This allows you to see any hardware issues that you may have before doing an install. Therefore, if an administrator knows how to use the Vi editor, he can edit text files on any Linux system. In Insert mode, you can enter text, use the Enter key to. wslconfig files are used to configure advanced settings options, on a per-distribution basis ( wsl. Fedora is an independent Linux distribution and functions closer to its competitors: Debian, Arch, and Ubuntu. Debian Package Manager (Deb) method. 17. It is a text editor that is an early attempt to a visual text editor. In the project containing your VI, right-click on Build Specifications and select New»Source Distribution. Most Linux distributions now ship with the vim (for Vi IMproved) editor rather than classic vi. Most (if not every) Linux distributions come with an editor that allows you to perform hexadecimal and binary manipulation. 1 was available for Alpha, AMD64, PPC, PPC64, SPARC, X86, IA64 and SPARC32. We won’t be covering the aforementioned popular. Which one of the following statement is not true? a) vim editor is the improved version of vi editor. The process and tools used in making and uploading packages is called packaging. After not making it to the list of Top Linux distributions, we can say that Zorin rose from the ashes this year. For example, your C: drive is mounted under /mnt/c/. And for a few months, Fedora has been available as a stable release on Raspberry Pi (3 versions: Server, Minimal, and Workstation). We can check the version of vi installed on a machine using the –version option of the vi command: $ vi --version VIM - Vi IMproved 7. b) vi editor commands are not case sensitive. Select VirtualBox Extension Pack from the download location and click on "open. Vi has three main modes that you can use including the Command mode, Escape mode, and the Insert mode that we will be discussing today. Full 24 months of warranty and lifetime support included! Learn more about our. 1. A Linux distribution for building a High-Performance Computing computer cluster, with a recent release supporting Cloud computing. Both of these commands will also move the cursor to the new. Frederic Lardinois @fredericl / 4 months. cp - Similar usage as mv but for copying files in Linux. Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Zorin OS. For many systems such as FreeBSD and Sun Solaris 8 it comes as an extra package you can easily install. com. The wsl. . On Ubuntu and Debian, use apt-get to install: sudo apt-get install vim. GNU projects includes a lot of things actually, like the Bash shell, GNU C Compiler, GRUB boot loader, GTK+, Gzip, Nano and a lot of other software. For more adduser and addgroup commands: 15 Practical Examples on adduser Command in Linux. Answer C is correct because vi is in nearly every distribution of Linux that exists. txt or. It can include something as simple as a single statically linked executable (like BusyBox) or a complex ecosystem of packages, scripts, and package management (like Ubuntu or Arch). Most lightweight Linux distros – Lubuntu, Linux Lite, and. sudo apt-get install vim To open a file with Vim, type either of these two commands: vim /path/to. Linux kernel = specific type of engine. Red Hat, Fedora, CentOs, Suse, you can install this application by either vendor specific Package Manager or directly building the rpm file. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: nano is an extended variant of pico. Choose your favorite GNU/Linux distributions from the Microsoft Store. exrc set exrc set shell=/bin/false # chown root:root /home/user/. Additionally, it includes other information such as the compiler used. Which version of Vi is installed? The easiest way to know which version (traditional or improved) of Vi is installed, is running the vi command without any argument and option. 4. While most distributions include nano and vi, users must install jed manually. The default Cinnamon desktop resembles the layout of the Windows system, and this is why it is one of the best Windows-like Linux distros. Linux lets users edit files using a text editor like nano, vi, or jed. A Linux distribution -- often shortened to "Linux distro" -- is a version of the open source Linux operating system that is packaged with other components, such as an installation programs, management tools and additional software such as the KVM hypervisor. Fedora is a popular Linux distribution, based on RedHat, with approximately 1. It strikes a balance between newer packages and Linux kernels between Debian and Arch. All these tools have the same command syntax: nano filename vi filename jed filename. When you run vi , you usually get either the tiny or small version of Vim running in vi-compatible mode. One of the most common editors in the Linux world is the Vi editor, also known as a visual editor. Vi is a powerful editor when used by an experienced user, but it is not inconceivable that a novice user might accidentally delete or otherwise modify the log file. The name vi is derived from the shortest unambiguous abbreviation for the command visual in ex; the command in question switches the line editor ex to visual mode. txt or. 5+ (not python 3 yet) interpreters. Stallman's GNU emacs editor, like vi, is included with Ubuntu and nearly every other Linux distribution. Well python does not come on ALL GNU/Linux distros but is present on most of the popular Linux home user distributions (Ubuntu and Fedora Core for example), possibly because most of the application of Gnome desktop environment and KDE use python 2. November 3, 2021. If not, you can install it using your distribution's package manager. To make your selection process easier, we have listed the top three Linux distros in these categories: Best Linux distributions for a VPS – Ubuntu Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), and Rocky Linux. First, a WSL distribution, at its core, is simply a packaged root filesystem. In fact, the kernel of any operating system is vital to its existence and operations. O True O False QUESTION 2 5 points Saw t is considered a best practice to enable the Linux GUI on a system that will primarily be use s a server to make administration easier O True O False Click Save and Submit to saque and submit. Some WSL Linux distributions are lacking libraries that are required by the VS Code server to start up. Because 'bash' is 100% 'sh/ksh' compatable and 'ksh' is the POSIX shell. c -- create a new archive. In other word, a skilled Unix user will know how to turn any distro into her favorite programming environment with little efforts. Due to vim's wide-spread use on the Linux command line, it is available in almost every distribution's default repositories. Steps to create a permanent Bash alias: Open the Terminal app and then type the following commands: Edit the ~/. When vi starts up, it is in Command Mode. Knoppix License: free software licenses. Distributions: The Linux system that you actually obtain, install, and run, is one of the many available Linux distributions. c) vi editor has two modes of operation: command mode and insert mode. Usually this should always be a corresponding symlink to vim / vim. Debian (/ ˈ d ɛ b i ə n /), also known as Debian GNU/Linux, is a Linux distribution composed of free and open-source software, developed by the community-supported Debian Project, which was established by Ian Murdock on August 16, 1993. For other The premier text editor for Linux and UNIX is a program called vi. Both Linux distributions belong to the same organization, both use RPM package manager and both provide desktop and server editions. It is included with almost every Linux distribution as the standard Vi editor. In case you're using a non-Ubuntu build of Linux which has no support for sudo, use the su command instead. Ubuntu: A High-Quality, Well-Supported Linux Distribution. Pros: Easy to use, vast multimedia support Best For: Beginners. Once installed it will provide a shortcut that opens a terminal with a bash prompt. It runs by default on OS X and some Linux distributions when `vi` is run. When you first open a file with Vi, you are in Command mode. Elementary OS is based on Ubuntu. With the use of metapackages optimized for specific need sets of a security professional and a highly accessible ISO customization process a optimized version of Kali for your specific needs is always easy to generate. All these tools have the same command syntax: nano filename vi filename jed filename. Type n to go to the next occurrence of the string. 3. For more information about Nano, see The Beginner’s Guide to Nano, the Linux Command-Line Text Editor. Mati Aharoni, Devon Kearns, and Raphaël Hertzog are the core developers. The Linux kernel has been under active development since. The OS sits between applications and hardware and makes the connections between all of your software and the physical resources that do the work. # vi /home/user/. Yes and No will be the answer. Select Source Files under the category list on the left of the source distributions properties window. wslconfig ). Ubuntu is the closest thing to a household name among desktop Linux distributions. We use overlayroot, which allows us to provide new distribution versions more accurately. Text editor functions in two modes: 1) Command mode and 2) Insert mode. Ubuntu belongs to the Debian -based Linux family, and many features, like the package manager, have similarities. Fedora is a Red Hat-sponsored community-driven Linux distribution. Now that your Linux virtual machine is up and running, here are some of the VirtualBox tips and tricks you need to know. One may argue that Unix in general is more programmer-friendly (and even this is debatable), but comparing distros on this level is just nonsense. For example, let’s use the example given in TIP #4 and extract our IP address from the output of the ip route command. vi is very powerful, but also somewhat cumbersome and challening for a new user to learn. Cygwin, it is a Unix/Linux environment for Windows that can be used to have all that tools that windows lacks: bash, sed, awk, grep, vi, tail, ps, and many more. Ubuntu is one of the best Linux distros for developers due to its extreme flexibility, scalability and secured data centres. O True O False QUESTION 2 5 points Saw t is considered a best practice to enable the Linux GUI on a system that will primarily be use s a server to make administration easier O True O False Click Save and Submit to saque and submit. Essentially, where Windows promises a one-size-fits-all, out-of-the. A Linux distribution (also known as a "distro") is an open-source operating system based on the Linux kernel. Operating systems based on Linux are known as Linux distributions or distros. Ubuntu is sponsored by Canonical Ltd, however all releases are free of charge. desktop operating systems = cars. elementary OS. It makes those who've never used Linux feel perfectly at home, all the while showing them just how elegant a desktop operating system can be. Many of them his its own position right now at your Linux distribution. It has a declarative approach to system configuration management, whereby configuration specifications are written in a special purpose. Using a distribution made by RedHat means that it will be fine-tuned to work as efficiently as possible since it's made by the same people who work extensively on the kernel and know its ins and outs. Now that your Linux. Not just limited to that, Linux Mint also does a few things better than Ubuntu. vi /path/to. This will open up the vi editor for you to edit your files. The Ubuntu Server operating system runs on all major architectures, including ARM, x86, Power, s390x, and RISC-V. Context, intended use, user base, software source, support cycle, update aggressiveness, quality, and ease of use are all factors to consider when choosing. You can think of the / directory as being similar to the C: directory on Windows -- but this isn't strictly true, as Linux doesn't have drive letters. 5. Options in the tar command. Independent Linux distributions have played an important role in the development and evolution of the Linux operating system. 6. “vi” is a truncation of the word “visual” and has, contrary to popular belief, nothing to do with the Roman number 6. nano and Vim offer most of the essential features. One of the main projects for GNU is GRUB boot loader: GRUB Bootloader. You may also see your username, a space, the fully qualified domain name of the computer, the full path to your present working directory followed by the prompt. 2. Slackware. Pull the official docker image: docker pull busybox. Fedora. When a Linux system is launched, this tutorial will show you how to execute a command or a script. Instead of Vi, Vim is included on modern Linux distros by default, or Vi is updated to support the modern features of Vim. Answer: While the word “CentOS” (Community ENTerprise Operating System) has long meant a reliable Linux distribution in the Red Hat ecosystem, it also means the people who create and use the technology. , True or false: To save a text file in vi, you should press Ctrl+S. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for.